System for building out loading sections of signaling cables



Nov.4 24, 1931. lR A HAISUP 1,832,981

SYSTEM FOR BUILDING-OUT LOADING SECTIONS OF SIGNALING CABLES Filed Feb; 2, 1931 Standard Cable m'ldzg-oat Cable @und K Quai #i lNvNToR /yaZ/Q ATTORNEY Patented Nov. 24, 1931 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE RICHARD A. HAISLIP, OF CALDWELL, NEW JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO AMERICAN TELE- PHONE AND TELEGRAIH COMPANY, A. CORPORATION OF NEW YORK SYSTEM FOR BUILDING OUT LOADING SECTIONS OF SIGNALING CABLES Application filed February 2, 1931.. Serial No. 513,038.

This invention relates to a system for building out electrically the loading sections of signaling cables, and particularly to a method and type of cable by which such building-out may be more economically and satisfactorily performed than by arrangements heretofore employed.

ln the loading ot signaling cables the load ing coils are spliced to the cable conductors at predetermined points, and in an ,ideal situation the coils Would be -spaced apart by equal distances, assuming Vthat cable having the same capacitance and resistance per unit length were used throughout the entire dis- 1'5 tance. In the construction of a loaded cable,

by which is meant a cable comprising a plurality of loading sections, it is frequently impracticable to splice the loading kcoils to the cable conductors at points that Will ren-der 240 the adjacent loading sections substantially equal in length. For example, in the planing ofl a loaded cable it may be necessary to employ sections of submarine cables or to eX- tend cables through long tunnels. From the Y standpoint of` cost and maintenance it is unlocation for a loading coil occurs in the section of submarine cable or in the tunnel section of the cable it is practically necessary to place the loading at one of the ends of the submarine cable or of the tunnel. This causes a shortening of one of the loading sections Which produces an impedance irregularity that impairs transmission. To avoid that difficulty it is necessary to build out electrically those loading sections that are below the normal desired length, so that all loading sections of the cable shall have substantially the same electrical length.

Various arrangements have been used heretofore to accomplish that result. rangement a length of cable was spliced to the main cable as a stub, the conductors in the stub cable being looped in series With those in the main cable, thereby increasing the capacitance and resistance of the loading section. That arrangement Was undesirable In one arbecause of its high installation cost and also il because an eXtra duct in the cable subway Was required for the stub cable. In a later arrangement all or a part of the cable employed in the short loading section consisted 0In a special building-out cable having conductors Whose resistance was tWice that of the conductors in the standard cable used'in loading section of normal length and having a capacitance twice as great per unit length as that ot the standard cable. A given length of such building-out cableV Was equivalent from the standpoint of resistance and capacitance to twice the length of the standard cable. To obtain the high capacitance it was necessary to impregnate the core of the cables. The use oft an iinpregnating compound tended to malte the cable stitl at low temperatures, which increased the difficulty in handling the cable. i

The present invention resides in a system for building-out loading sections in Which the building-out cable has conductors of greater resistance per unit length than those in the normal standard cable but having the samel capacitance per unit length as the said standard cable.

The manner in which a loading section vmay be built out electrically to any desired value will be apparent from the followingdescription when read in connection With the attached drawings, of which Figure l shows schematically a loaded cable in which one of the loading sections is onehalf the normal standard length; Fig. 2 shows the manner in which the short loading section of Fig. 1 may be rendered the electrical equivalent of the normal standard loading section by using in the` short section only the special cable hereinafter described; and Fig. B illustrates the application of the invention to a situation Where the special building-out cable forms only part of the entire cable or" the short loading section.

In Fig. 1, l represents a cable that is to ber loaded at the points AHB, C, and D. It Will be assumed that, in laying out of the loading it has been found impracticable to make all loading sections of a predetermined length,

e. g. 6,000 feet. The section B--C cannot be,y y

made geographically longer than 3,000 feet, which is oiieliall 0i' the length 0l a normal loachn' section such as llmli or Cml). T0 avoid an impedance irregularity it is necessary to build-out the section B-C so that it will be the electrical equivalent of a normal loading section. The manner in which that is done is as follows ln the shortened section there would be employed a type of cable that has substantially twice as many pairs or quads of conductors as the standard cable used in a normal section. For example, assuming that the standard cable employed in section A-B contained 19 quads l6-gauge, six pairs 16- gauge, and liet quads lS-gauge conductors, the building-out cable employed in the subnormal section would contain a0 quads 19- gauge, 1Q pairs lQ-gauge, and 234 quads :22- gauge conductors. lt will be seen that there are substantially twice as many quads of 19- gauge conductors in the building-out cable as there are quads olf it-gauge conductors in the standard cable; and like rise, there are twice as many pairs oit l9gauge and quads of Z2-gauge conductors in the building-out cable as there are pairs of lli-gauge and quads of lll-gauge in the standard cable. Those quads and pairs of lQ-gauge conductors in the buildingout cable are intended to be used in connection with quads and pairs respectively of lll-gauge conductors in the standard cable; and likewise, the quads oi` QZ-gauge conductors in the building-out cable are to be used with the quads ot itl-gauge conductors in the standard cable.

Fig. 2 shows the method by which one of the quads oit conductors in the subnormal section B-C n'iay be rendered the electrical equivalent ot' a quad ot standard cable in a loading section oi normal length. At B and C in F ig. 2 are represented the windings of a loading coil for a quad ot' conductors. Let it be assumed that the quad connected to the left hand terminals ot' the coil-windings at B and to the right hand terminals of the windings at C are made up ot it-gauge conductors. There would accordingly be connected to the other terminals or the coil windings at B and C a quad ot l9gauge conductors in the building-out cable. Since the resistance of the LQ-gauge conductors is twice that of the lG-gauge conductors, the resistance of each itl-gauge conductor of the subnormal loading section, which has been assumed to be 3,000 ieet long, would be the same as the resistance of each itl-gauge conductor in a standard loading section, (3,000 eet long. Having thus rendered the resistance of the conductors in 'the short section equivalent to the resistance oit corresponding conductors in the normal sections, it becomes necessary to render the capacitance of the pairs and phantoms in the short sections equivalent to those in the normal sections. In order to make the capacitance of the pairs and 0i the phantom circuits 0l the short loading section equal to that el a standard loading section,

it is necessary to bridge capacitance across the pairs of each quad. The necessary capacitance is provided by the quad in the building-out cable that is adjacent to the quad of the saine gauge that has been connected in series with the quads in the standard loading sections adjoininff. Thus, in Fig. 2, quad l of the buildingout cable has been connected with the terminals oit the loading coils so as to be in series with the conductors or the 16- gauge quads in the adjacent loading sections, whereas quad No. 2 or the building-out cable has been bridged across the pairs of conduc tors or" quad No. l at the splicing point between sections l and 2 of the build.ng-out cable to increase the capacitance of the pairs and oi' the phantom circuit of quad No. l. ln like manner quad No. 2 oi' cable sections 3 and et would be bridged across pairs of quad No. l ol those same sections at splicing points between these sections of the building-out cable. would be spliced. Since it has been assumed that the building-out cable has conductor resistance twice as large as that of the standard cable and has the same capacity per unit length as the standard cable, the employ-Y ment of building-out cable throughout tne entire length of a 3,000 foot loading section would make that section the electrical equivalcnt of a standard 6,000 Jfoot loading section.

Where a loading section has a lengthv greater than 3,000 and less than 6,000 feet, it would be necessary to employ standard cable throughout part of the distance and buildng-out cable for the remainder. Such condition is illustrated in Fig. 3. The amount of building-out cable employed would be such that, when connected to the standard cable in the short loading section, the resistance of each conductor of the short loading section will be equal to that of a conductor of corresponding gauge of the standard loading section and the capacitance of the pairs and phantoms ot the short section will be correspondingly the same as those of the standard section.

The advantage of the system just described resides in part in the fact that it does not require additional duct space in the cable subway, inasmuch as the bridged conductors that provide the increased capacitance are contained within the same cable sheath as the conductors connected in series with the conductors of the adjacent loading sections; and, furthermore, the difl'iculty inherent in the impregnated type of cable has been eliminated by the use or' a non-impregnated type of cable having the same capacitance between pairs and quads as exists in the standard cable employed in standard loading sections.

Similarly other sections of cabler What is claimed is: Y

1. The method of equalizing the electrical characteristics of the circuits of a plurality of loading sections of a signaling cable, which consists in employing in those loading sections that are geographically shorter than a normal predetermined length, sections of cable having greater resistance per unit length than that of the `standard cable einployed in loading sections of the predetermined length, splicing together the sections of the said cable of greater Vunit resistance to form continuous pairs of signaling conductors throughout the short loading section, and bridging across the said pairs of signaling conductors other pairs of conductors in the saine cable sections so that the capacitance of the said pairs of signaling conductors of the short loading section will substantiaily equal the capacitance of a pair of conductors of standard cable of a loading section of normal length. Y

2. The method of substantially equalizing electrically the loading sections of a signaling cable, Which consists in building-out those loading sections shorter than a predetermined length, employing therein, in substitution for standard cable, a quantity of building-out cable Whose conductor resistance is greater than that of the standard cable employed in full length loading sections but having the same capacitance per unit length as the said standard cable, the quantity of building-out cable being such that the conductor resistance of the built-out section shall be the same as that of a full length loading section of standard cable, then bridging across each pair of the building-out cable another pair of conductors of the same cable, the amount of bridged capacitance being suiicient to render the total capacitance of each pair of the shorter loading section equal to that of a pair of the standard cable in a full length loading section.

3. In a loaded signaling system in which the loading coils are normally equidistantly spaced a predetermined distance apart but in which there may occur a section that is shorter than the normal predetermined distance, the method of rendering the short section substantially equal electrically to the loading sections of normal length, which consists in employing in the said short loading section, sections of building-out cable having conductors Whose resistance is greater than that of the conductors in the standard cable, the number of sections being such that, when spliced together, the total resistance of each pair for the entire short loading section shall be the same as that of a pair of the standard cable in a loading section of normal length, and bridging across the said pairs of the said short loading section suicient pairs of other conductors in the said building-out cable to make the capacitance of the pairs in the said short loading section equal 

